Recent Changes

Examples of materials:
{PECS picture 1.jpg} {PECS 2.png}
{PECS picture #3.gif}
Potential Pitfalls
Overcash, Horton, and Bondy, authors of "The Picture Exchange Communication System: Helping Individuals Gain Functional Communication," (2010) describe one pitfall might be that the difficulty in pointing accurately or with discrimination and pointing whether or not a communicative partner was available.

(Preston & Carter 2009)
Variations
PECSIn an article called "Variations on the Use of Pictorial Alternative Communication System with a Child with Autism and Development Delays" they demonstrate a variation in a case study. "The trainers introduced additional phases that incorporated a hierarchy of visuals allowing for more authentic representation of desired reinforcement" (Ganz et al., 2005). The variations would be based on the how the student is progressing through the program. PECS is a
Who Implements
Many different types of specialists can implement the use of PECS. The list includes, but isn't limited to:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1284381/pdf/12365736.pdf
Collet-Klingenberg, L. (2008). PECS: Steps for implementation. Madison, WI: The National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders, The Waisman Center, The University of Wisconsin
Ganz J. B., Cook K., E., Corbin-Newsome, J., Bourgeois B., and Margaret F. (2005) Variation on the use of a pictorial alternative communication system with a child with autism and development delays. TEACHING Exceptional Children Plus, 1(6) Article 3. Web. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ966528.pdf
Ganz, J. B., and Simpson, R. L. (2004). Effects on communicative requesting and speech development of picture exchange communication system in children with characteristics of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 34(4), 395-409. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
(2010). The Picture Exchange Communication System: Helping Individuals Gain Functional Communication.picture exchange communication system: helping individuals gain functional communication. Autism Advocate,
http://www.autism-society.org/living-with-autism/treatment-options/pecs.pdf
Preston, D., and Carter, M.(2009). A review of the efficacy of the picture exchange communication system intervention. Journal of Autism Development Disorder. N.P. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
http://www.auburn.edu/~lal0011/8550/preston.pdf
(2013). The Evolving Roleevolving role and Naturenature of Gene Mutationsgene mutations in the Neuropathologyneuropathology of Autism Spectrum Disorders..autism spectrum disorders.. Columbia Undergraduate Assessing the Diagnostic Experiencesdiagnostic experiences of a Small Samplesmall sample of Parentsparents of Childrenchildren With Autism Spectrum Disorders.autism spectrum disorders. Science Direct, (n.d.). Autism Spectrum Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Asperger's Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Autism Societyspectrum disorders, autistic disorder, asperger's disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, autism society of Maine.
External Links-
Websites:

(Preston & Carter 2009)
Variations
PECS is a six phase strategy and most people will follow those phases, and the only variation that there is with PECS is the reinforcement for each student. "The only prerequisite to PECS implementation is identification of a powerful reinforcer (an item or activity that the individual really like" (Overcash et al., 2010). The only way PECS will work is if the reinforcement is strong enough.
Who Implements
Many different types of specialists can implement the use of PECS. The list includes, but isn't limited to:
In another article called "Comparative efficacy of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) versus a speech generating device: Effects on requesting skills," by Boesch, Wendt, Subramanian, and Hsu, it describes other pitfalls as well (Boesch et al., 2013). They say that a major disadvantage to PECS is that it does not offer speech output capability. They also describe a minor disadvantage is that the cards would have to replaced because of the wear and tear (Boesch et al., 2013)
References-
24, 2014.
http://www.proxtalker.com/sites/default/files/docs/Boesch-et-al-2013.pdf
Charlop-Christy, M. H., Carpenter, M., Le, L., LeBlanc, L. A., and Kellet, K. (2002). Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social-communicatie behavior, and problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 213-231. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.

Picture Exchange Communication System:
Definitions:
social-communication deficits. (Charlop-Christy, 213)(Charlop-Christy et al., 2010)
2. Is (Ganz & Simpson, 395)Simpson 2004)
History:
Bondy, Ph.D. (Overcash et al., 2010)
How to do it
PECS Stages:
Answering question with a request: Taught to answer question "What do you want?"
Commenting: Taught to respond to other simple questions such as "What do you see?" : gradually, more spontaneous commenting is developed.
(Preston & Carter 2009)
Variations
Who Implements
2. Several string of Velcro
3. Cards that say: "I want," "I see," "yes," "no," and pictures of preferred items.
(Charlop-Christy et al., 2002)
Examples of materials:
{PECS picture 1.jpg} {PECS 2.png}
Potential Pitfalls
Functional Communication," (2010) describe types of pitfalls of PECS:
Difficultyone pitfall might be that the difficulty in pointing was available.
In another article called "Comparative efficacy of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) versus a speech generating device: Effects on requesting skills," by Boesch, Wendt, Subramanian, and Hsu, it describes other pitfalls as well (Boesch et al., 2013). They say that a major disadvantage to PECS is that it does not offer speech output capability. They also describe a minor disadvantage is that the cards would have to replaced because of the wear and tear (Boesch et al., 2013)
References-
Boesch M. C., Wendt O., Subramanian A., and Hsu N. (2013). "Comparative efficacy of the Picture Exchange Communication system (PECS) versus a speech generating device: Effects on requesting skills." Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 7. 480-493. Web. Retrieved March, 24, 2014.
http://www.proxtalker.com/sites/default/files/docs/Boesch-et-al-2013.pdf
Charlop-Christy, M. H., Carpenter, M., Le, L., LeBlanc, L. A., and Kellet, K. (2002). Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social-communicatie behavior, and problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 213-231. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1284381/pdf/12365736.pdf

Definitions:
1. A pictorial communication system that was developed for children with social-communication deficits. (Charlop-Christy, 213)
spectrum disorders. (Ganz,(Ganz & Simpson, 395)
History:
The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) was developedEarly PECS development began in 1985 at the early 90s to address the communication deficits of this population. (Greenberg, 491)Delaware Autism Program by Lori Frost, M.S., CCC-SLP, and Andy Bondy, Ph.D.
How to do it
PECS Stages:
{PECS picture 1.jpg} {PECS 2.png}
Potential Pitfalls
Overcash, Horton, and Bondy, authors of "The Picture Exchange Communication System: Helping Individuals Gain Functional Communication," describe types of pitfalls of PECS:
Difficulty in pointing accurately or with discrimination and pointing whether or not a communicative partner was available.
References-
Charlop-Christy, M. H., Carpenter, M., Le, L., LeBlanc, L. A., and Kellet, K. (2002). Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social-communicatie behavior, and problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 213-231. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Collet-Klingenberg, L. (2008). PECS: Steps for implementation. Madison, WI: The National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders, The Waisman Center, The University of Wisconsin
Ganz, J. B., and Simpson, R. L. (2004). Effects on communicative requesting and speech development of picture exchange communication system in children with characteristics of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 34(4), 395-409. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Greenberg,Overcash, A., Horton, C., and Bondy, A. L., Tomanio, M. A. E., and Charlop M. H. (2012). Assessing generalization of the picture exchange communication system in the children with autism. Journal of Development Physical Disabilites. 24: 539-558.(2010). The Picture Exchange Communication System: Helping Individuals Gain Functional Communication. Autism Advocate, 3, 21-24. Web. Retrieved March 17,20, 2014.
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.wsuproxy.mnpals.net/ehost/detail?vid=5&sid=fee1edec-6c93-43cc-a442-126a03f22039%40sessionmgr113&hid=123&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=82916298
http://www.autism-society.org/living-with-autism/treatment-options/pecs.pdf
Preston, D., and Carter, M.(2009). A review of the efficacy of the picture exchange communication system intervention. Journal of Autism Development Disorder. N.P. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
http://www.auburn.edu/~lal0011/8550/preston.pdf

Variations
Who Implements
Many different types of specialists can implement the use of PECS. The list includes, but isn't limited to:
1. Special Educators
2. Behavior Analysts
3. Speech and Language Pathologists
3. General Education Teachers
4. Parents
All are capable of implementing PECS as long as they are comfortable with the steps.
Materials Needed:
There different materials a person can use for PECS. The authors of "Using the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) with Children with Autism: Assessment of PECS Acquisition, Speech, Social-Communicative Behavior, and Problem Behavior, use three important materials:
Charlop-Christy, M. H., Carpenter, M., Le, L., LeBlanc, L. A., and Kellet, K. (2002). Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social-communicatie behavior, and problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 213-231. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1284381/pdf/12365736.pdf
Collet-Klingenberg, L. (2008). PECS: Steps for implementation. Madison, WI: The National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders, The Waisman Center, The University of Wisconsin
Ganz, J. B., and Simpson, R. L. (2004). Effects on communicative requesting and speech development of picture exchange communication system in children with characteristics of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 34(4), 395-409. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Greenberg, A. L., Tomanio, M. A. E., and Charlop M. H. (2012). Assessing generalization of the picture exchange communication system in the children with autism. Journal of Development Physical Disabilites. 24: 539-558. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.

Picture
Picture Exchange Communication System:System
Autism Spectrum Disorders:
Causes
Picture Exchange Communication System:
Definitions:
social-communication deficits. (Christy,(Charlop-Christy, 213)
2. Is an augmentative and alternative communication system designed specifically to minimize difficulties with communication skills experienced by individuals with autism spectrum disorders. (Ganz, 395)
History:
How to do it
PECS Stages:
According to Deborah Preston and Mark Carter, authors of "A Review of the Efficacy of the Picture Exchange Communication System Intervention, there are six stages:
Make requests through picture exchange: second person acts as a prompter from behind learner; when learner reaches for the desired item, physically prompts to exchange picture; prompts faded as quickly as possible.
Persistence in initiating communication: Communicative partner moves gradually further away; picture is also gradually moved further away; number of communicative partners increased; "Communication book" is introduced, range of items requested is increased, but only one picture and item is available at a time.
Who Implements
Materials Needed:
There different materials a person can use for PECS. The authors of "Using the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) with Children with Autism: Assessment of PECS Acquisition, Speech, Social-Communicative Behavior, and Problem Behavior, use three important materials:
1. A three-ring binger
2. Several string of Velcro
Charlop-Christy, M. H., Carpenter, M., Le, L., LeBlanc, L. A., and Kellet, K. (2002). Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social-communicatie behavior, and problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 213-231. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1284381/pdf/12365736.pdf
17, 2014.
Greenberg,
Greenberg, A. L., 17, 2014.
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.wsuproxy.mnpals.net/ehost/detail?vid=5&sid=fee1edec-6c93-43cc-a442-126a03f22039%40sessionmgr113&hid=123&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=82916298
17, 2014.
http://www.auburn.edu/~lal0011/8550/preston.pdf
Tchaconas, A. (2013). The Evolving Role and Nature of Gene Mutations in the Neuropathology of Autism Spectrum Disorders.. Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal, 7(1), 18-29. Retrieved March 19, 2014, from the EBSCO Host database.

Potential Pitfalls
References-
Charlop-Christy, M. H., Carpenter, M., Le, L., LeBlanc, L. A., and Kellet, K. (2002). Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social-communicatie behavior, and problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 213-231. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1284381/pdf/12365736.pdf
Ganz, J. B., and Simpson, R. L. (2004). Effects on communicative requesting and speech development of picture exchange communication system in children with characteristics of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 34(4), 395-409. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Greenberg, A. L., Tomanio, M. A. E., and Charlop M. H. (2012). Assessing generalization of the picture exchange communication system in the children with autism. Journal of Development Physical Disabilites. 24: 539-558. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.wsuproxy.mnpals.net/ehost/detail?vid=5&sid=fee1edec-6c93-43cc-a442-126a03f22039%40sessionmgr113&hid=123&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=82916298
Preston, D., and Carter, M.(2009). A review of the efficacy of the picture exchange communication system intervention. Journal of Autism Development Disorder. N.P. Web. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
http://www.auburn.edu/~lal0011/8550/preston.pdf
Tchaconas, A. (2013). The Evolving Role and Nature of Gene Mutations in the Neuropathology of Autism Spectrum Disorders.. Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal, 7(1), 18-29. Retrieved March 19, 2014, from the EBSCO Host database.
Siklos, S., & Kerns, K. A. (2005). Assessing the Diagnostic Experiences of a Small Sample of Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Science Direct, 1, 1-14. Retrieved March 19, 2014, from http://ac.els-cdn.com.wsuproxy.mnpals.net/S0891422205000946/1-s2.0-S0891422205000946-main.pdf?_tid=d6ece72c-af93-11e3-a127-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1395253705_a264533dcb0eee60c9a068a5cc6321e2

Picture Exchange Communication System:
Overview of target populationAutism Spectrum Disorders:
Causes
According to Alexis Tchaconas from the Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal, scientists that study Autism Spectrum Disorders are leaning towards thinking Autism is caused by genetic factors. They are neurodevelopment disorders in which communication difficulties can occur along with impairments of social skills. There are no specific factors that contribute specifically to Autism; science is getting closer to determining the root cause.